Airbus Maintenance Manuals
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Aircraft maintenance is the performance of tasks required to ensure the continuing airworthiness of an aircraft or aircraft part, including overhaul, inspection, replacement, defect rectification, and the embodiment of modifications, compliance with airworthiness directives and repair.[1][2]
- 2Aircraft maintenance organization
- 4Market
- 5Future of aircraft maintenance
Regulation[edit]
The maintenance of aircraft is highly regulated, in order to ensure safe and correct functioning during flight. In civil aviation national regulations are coordinated under international standards, estabished by the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO). The ICAO standards have to be implemented by local airworthiness authorities to regulate the maintenance tasks, personnel and inspection system. Maintenance staff must be licensed for the tasks they carry out.
Aircraft maintenance organization[edit]
Scheduled maintenance checks[edit]
Aircraft maintenance in civil aviation generally organized using a maintenance checks system, which are periodic inspections that have to be done on an aircraft after a certain amount of time or usage.
Power-by-the-Hour[edit]
A Power by the Hour program provides budget predictability, avoids installing a loaner during repairs when an aircraft part fails and enrolled aircraft may have a better value and liquidity. This concept of unscheduled maintenance was initially introduced for aircraft engines to mitigate engine failures.[3] The term was coined by Bristol Siddeley in 1962 to support Vipers of the British Aerospace 125 business jets for a fixed sum per flying hour.[4] A complete engine and accessory replacement service was provided, allowing the operator to accurately forecast this cost, and relieving him from purchasing stocks of engines and accessories.
In the 1980s, Rolls-Royce plc reinstated the program to provide the operator with a fixed engine maintenance cost over an extended period of time. Operators are assured of an accurate cost projection and avoid the breakdowns costs; the term is trademarked by Rolls-Royce but is the common name in the industry.[5] It is an option for operators of several Rolls-Royce aircraft engines.[citation needed] Other aircraft engine manufacturers such as General Electric and Pratt & Whitney offer similar programs.
Jet Support Services provides hourly cost maintenance programs independently of the manufacturers.[6]GEMCO also offers a similar program for piston engines in general aviation aircraft.[citation needed]Bombardier Aerospace offers its Smart Services program, covering parts and maintenance by the hour.[citation needed]
Maintenance release[edit]
At the completion of any maintenance task a person authorized by the national airworthiness authority signs a maintenance release stating that maintenance has been performed in accordance with the applicable airworthiness requirements. In the case of a certified aircraft this may be an Aircraft Maintenance Engineer or Aircraft Maintenance Technician, while for amateur-built aircraft this may be the owner or builder of the aircraft.[7]A maintenance release can be called a certificate of release to service (CRS).[8]
Maintenance personnel[edit]
The ICAO defines the licensed role of aircraft maintenance (technician/engineer/mechanic), noting that 'The terms in brackets are given as acceptable additions to the title of the license. Each Contracting State is expected to use in its own regulations the one it prefers.'[9] Thus, aircraft maintenance technicians, engineers and mechanics all perform essentially the same role. However different countries use these terms in different ways to define their individual levels of qualification and responsibilities.
In Americas licenses for aircraft maintenance personnel include:
- Aircraft Maintenance Engineer (AME), also called Licensed Aircraft Maintenance Engineer (LAME or L-AME).
- Aircraft Maintenance Technician (AMT), or colloquially Airframe and Powerplant (A&P).
- Aircraft Maintenance Mechanic (AMM).
As there will be 41,030 new airliners by 2036, Boeing expects 648,000 new commercial airline maintenance technicians from 2017 till then: 256,000 in Asia Pacific (39%), 118,000 in North America (19%) and 111,000 in Europe (17%).[10]
In Europe aircraft maintenance personnel must comply with Part 66, Certifying Staff, issued by the European Aviation Safety Agency (EASA). This regulation establishes four levels of authorization:
- Level 1: General Familiarisation, Unlicensed
- Level 2: Ramp and Transit, Category A
- can only certify own work performed for tasks which he/she has received documented training
- Level 3: Line Certifying Staff and Base Maintenance Supporting Staff, Category B1 (electromechanic) and/or B2(Avionics)
- can certify all work performed on an aircraft/engine for which he/she is type rated excluding base maintenance(generally up to and including A-Check)
- Level 4: Base Maintenance Certifying Staff, Category C
- can certify all work performed on an aircraft/engine for which he/she is type rated, but only if it is base maintenance (additional level-3 staff necessary)
- this authorization does not automatically include any level 2 or level 3 license.
Market[edit]
Aircraft[edit]
The Maintenance, Repair, Overhaul (MRO) Market was US$135.1 Billion in 2015, three quarters of the $180.3 B aircraft production market. Free ms project download trial. Of this, 60% is for civil aviation : air transport 48%, business and general aviation 9%, rotorcraft 3% ; and military aviation is 40% : fixed wing 27% and rotary 13%. Of the $64.3 Billion air transport MRO market, 40% is for engines, 22% for components, 17% for line, 14% for airframe and 7% for modifications. Its is projected to grow at 4.1% per annum till 2025 to $96B.[11]
Airliner MRO should reach $74.3 Billion in 2017 : 51% ($37.9B) single-aisles, 21% ($15.6B) long range twin-aisles, 8% ($5.9B) medium range twin-aisles, 7% ($5.2B) large aircraft, 6% ($4.5B) regional jets as turboprop regional airliners and 1% ($0.7B) short range twin-aisles.[12]Over the 2017–2026 decade, the worldwide market should reach over $900 billion, led by 23% in North America, 22% in Western Europe, and 19% in Asia Pacific.[13]
In 2017, of the $70 billion spent by airlines on maintenance, repair and overhaul (MRO), 31% were for engines, 27% for components, 24% for line maintenance, 10% for modifications and 8% for the airframe; 70% were for mature airliners (Airbus A320 and A330, Boeing 777 and 737NG), 23% were for “sunset” aircraft (MD-80, Boeing 737 Classic, B747 or B757) and 7% was spent on modern models (Boeing 787, Embraer E-Jet, Airbus A350XWB and A380).[14]
In 2018, the commercial aviation industry will need $88 billion for MRO while military aircraft should need $79.6 billion including field maintenance for 46.4%.[15]Airliner MRO should reach $115 billion by 2028, a 4% compound annual growth rate from $77.4 billion in 2018.[16]Major airframersAirbus, Boeing and Embraer enter the market, growing concerns about their intellectual property sharing, while shared. Archived from the original on 27 December 2012. Retrieved 9 December 2012.
Building Maintenance Manuals
Airbus Helicopters Maintenance Manuals
External links[edit]
- 'Association for Women in Aviation Maintenance'.
- Lindsay Bjerregaard, Lee Ann Shay (Oct 11, 2017). 'A Day In American's Line Operations At Chicago O'Hare'. Aviation Week network.
- James Pozzi (Oct 17, 2017). 'Inside Iberia's Engine Shop'. Aviation Week network.
- James Pozzi (Nov 4, 2017). 'A Look Around Lufthansa Technik Sofia's Expanded Facility'. Aviation Week network.
- Lindsay Bjerregaard (Nov 13, 2017). 'On The Ground At JetBlue's JFK Hangar'. Aviation Week network.
- GE Aviation. Maintenance Minute.
Maintenance Minute videos are produced by GE Aviation's training team to help the aircraft maintainer with everyday engine maintenance tasks.